Managerial biases such as overconfidence, nepotism and myopia can explain many failures in M&A deals, business succession and anticipating disruptive technologies.
Conventional approaches to eliminating biases focuses on ‘changing the mind’: if people can be trained to recognise their biases and think more logically and carefully like a rational person, better outcomes are likely.
However, increasing evidence suggests that the de-biasing approach is not enough for effective decisions, because it only deals with our conscious half; what Nobel prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman famously called System 2.
Our automatic half – Kahneman’s System 1 – also plays a role in determining a decision and it is sensitive to our surrounding environment. Even contextual factors, such as the weather being sunny or cloudy, can significantly influence the decisions made.
Are these biases fixable? Experts from Warwick Business School and Stern School of Business believe so.
Chengwei Liu, Ivo Vlaev, Jerker Denrell, Nick Chater and Christina Fang look at how biases can be turned on their head in the forthcoming paper “Strategising with Biases: Engineering Choice Contexts for Better Decisions using the Mindspace Approach”.
According to the research, better decisions are more likely made by “changing the context”, or rather, engineering the context to “initiate a bias”, which ironically helps overcome a damaging bias.
In the paper, managers are introduced to the Mindspace framework, which is the mnemonic of nine contextual forces within behavioural sciences: Messengers, Incentives, Norms, Defaults, Salience, Prime, Affect, Commitment and Ego.
“Mindspace offers a toolbox for managers to reframe the decision context so that different contextual forces can be employed to induce behavioural changes,” days Dr Liu, an associate professor of strategy and behavioural science. “We argue such changes are more likely when we ‘go with the grain’ and work with, rather than fighting against, human nature.”
The researchers investigated how this approach can help counter systematic biases, such as M&A where studies have estimated the failure rate to be between 70 and 90 per cent. Failure is partly the result of overpaying, with higher bids most likely to fail. A reason for this may be ego, suggests Professor Chater, as larger deals are often prompted by CEOs’ desire for greater power, status, and bonuses rather than rigorous evaluations of synergies.
Firms could counter this bias with Mindspace he argues.
“Firms can pre-Commit to two Defaults for all M&A deals,” he explains. “At least three similar deals that failed should be presented and every manager has to present a ‘pre-mortem’ by first imagining that the deal has failed and then working backwards to determine what potentially could lead to the failure.”
Co-author Professor Vlaev believes groupthink is a crucial element when biases are formed and acted upon. “These techniques can break groupthink (Norm) and remind people about the possible losses (Incentive) and attenuate the emotion associated with the fear of losing to competitors (Affect).”
Another example is how a Silicon Valley venture capitalist DFJ successfully identified the next big thing by utilising some of their “biases”. In particular, DFJ invests in a start-up as long as at least one partner feels very strongly about the idea. In fact, DFJ has a Default of rejecting a proposal if there is a strong consensus among the partners.
“This Default combats three components of the Mindspace framework, namely: Norm, Affect and Ego, as we feel happier when others agree with us,” Dr Liu says. “DFJ wants to invest in the most radical ideas because a moderate winning means losing in the context of venture capitals. If all partners agree on the potential of an idea, this idea is perhaps not radical enough.”
Research on groupthink also suggests that discussions and consensus among partners may also lead to more risk-averse decisions, inconsistent with DFJ’s goal, he adds. “Moreover, competition will be more intense when commercialising such ideas because other venture capitalists may also see it coming. Instead of de-biasing their risk aversion and neglect of competition using System 2 techniques, DFJ resorts to Default to engage several predictable biases in their System 1 thinking. DFJ believe that ‘the basis for any investment decision is not a compromise but strong beliefs by individual partners’.”
According to Dr Liu, this new Mindspace framework does not offer easy solutions, since applying it requires strategists to have a profound understanding of the strategic and human context. “But we believe that it does offer a promising, alternative toolbox to address key strategic challenges associated with competition, search, and innovation. The same errors that cause us to stumble can also be used to help us make better choices.”
See also: 20 of the best business decisions examples – We asked business leaders across the UK: What was your best business decision?
